Pregnancy is one of the most significant experiences in a woman’s life. Whether planned or unexpected, it is natural to have questions and uncertainties, especially during the first weeks.

Being well informed about the changes taking place in your body, your baby’s development and the medical follow-up recommended during pregnancy can help you navigate this period with greater confidence.

This guide provides an overview of the main stages of pregnancy, common symptoms, warning signs and everyday measures that can help support maternal and fetal health.

The first signs of pregnancy

Symptoms can vary significantly from one woman to another

Some women notice changes very early, while others may experience few or no symptoms during the first weeks.

Common early symptoms can include:

• A missed period

• Breast tenderness

• Pelvic discomfort

• Light bleeding

• Changes in taste or smell

• Nausea and vomiting

• Increased urination

• Constipation

• Fatigue or sleepiness

If you suspect that you may be pregnant, contact your doctor or gynaecologist, who can advise you on the appropriate next steps and medical follow-up.

Physical and hormonal changes

The first weeks involve major changes even before they become visible

During the first weeks, hormonal changes begin supporting the development of the pregnancy.

Progesterone contributes to maintaining the uterine lining, while other hormones participate in changes to blood circulation, breast tissue and preparation of the body for pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Physical symptoms often become more noticeable from around the fourth or fifth week and may include:

• Fatigue

• Morning sickness

• Dizziness

• Breast enlargement and tenderness

• Constipation

• Increased urination

• Pelvic discomfort

• Increased sensitivity to smells

• Vaginal discharge

• Mood changes

Medical follow-up during pregnancy

Regular appointments help monitor the health of both mother and baby

Pregnancy normally involves regular medical appointments to monitor maternal health and fetal development.

The frequency of consultations generally increases as the pregnancy progresses, although the exact schedule depends on individual needs and the healthcare provider following the pregnancy.

Your doctor will determine which examinations and laboratory analyses are appropriate at each stage.

Warning signs during pregnancy

Some symptoms should be assessed promptly by a healthcare professional

Many changes during pregnancy are normal. However, certain symptoms should not be ignored.

Seek medical advice promptly if you experience:

• Vaginal bleeding

• Loss of amniotic fluid

• Vaginal discharge accompanied by itching, burning or an unusual smell

• Severe or persistent abdominal pain

• Chills or fever

• Pain or burning when urinating

• Persistent vomiting

• Severe or continuous headaches

• Visual disturbances

• A noticeable reduction in fetal movements later in pregnancy

Certain infections during pregnancy can also affect maternal or fetal health. Your doctor will determine whether specific monitoring or investigations are needed.

Your baby’s development during pregnancy

Pregnancy is a continuous process of growth and maturation

During the first trimester, the basic structures of the body and major organs begin to form.

By the end of this period, the heart and many essential organ systems have developed significantly, while the limbs and facial features become increasingly defined.

During the second trimester, the baby grows rapidly and becomes increasingly active. Hearing develops, movements become more noticeable and the nervous, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems continue to mature.

During the third trimester, growth and weight gain become particularly important. The baby responds increasingly to external stimuli and continues preparing for life outside the uterus.

Fetal movements

Becoming familiar with your baby’s usual movement pattern can be useful

During the later stages of pregnancy, you will gradually become familiar with your baby’s normal pattern of movement.

A noticeable reduction or unusual change in movements should be discussed promptly with your healthcare professional.

Nutrition during pregnancy

A varied and balanced diet supports both maternal and fetal health

During pregnancy, the baby relies on the mother for the nutrients required for growth and development.

A healthy diet should generally include adequate amounts of:

• Protein

• Complex carbohydrates

• Fibre

• Healthy fats

• Iron

• Folic acid

• Calcium

• Vitamins and minerals

• Water

Good food choices include:

• Eggs, meat and fish as sources of protein

• Dairy products as sources of calcium

• Legumes as sources of plant-based protein

• Fruit and vegetables

• Whole grains

• Adequate water throughout the day

Certain foods and substances may need to be avoided or limited during pregnancy. Your doctor or nutrition professional can provide recommendations adapted to your individual situation.

Physical activity during pregnancy

Appropriate exercise can support physical and emotional wellbeing

For many women, physical activity during pregnancy can provide several benefits.

Regular appropriate exercise may help:

• Support circulation

• Maintain physical fitness

• Reduce constipation

• Reduce fatigue

• Support stress management

• Maintain muscle strength and posture

Walking, swimming, yoga and appropriate strengthening exercises may be suitable depending on the stage of pregnancy and your previous level of activity.

Exercise should always be adapted to your individual circumstances. Discuss your activity with your doctor, particularly if you have a medical condition or pregnancy-related complication.

Sexual activity during pregnancy

In an uncomplicated pregnancy, sexual activity is generally considered safe

In most uncomplicated pregnancies, sexual intercourse does not harm the baby, which is protected inside the uterus.

Certain medical situations may require temporary restrictions, so follow the recommendations of your doctor or obstetrician.

Hygiene and oral health

Pregnancy can change the skin, gums and other tissues

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can increase sweating and affect the skin and oral health.

General recommendations include:

• Maintaining regular personal hygiene

• Using gentle products for intimate hygiene

• Keeping the skin hydrated

• Drinking sufficient fluids

• Maintaining good oral hygiene

• Having regular dental follow-up when appropriate

Preparing for birth

Knowing the possible signs of labour can help you feel better prepared

The main signs that labour may be beginning include increasingly regular contractions and rupture of the amniotic sac.

Your maternity team will explain when you should contact them or go to hospital according to your individual pregnancy.

Pain management during labour can include medical and non-medical approaches. Breathing techniques, support from a partner or companion and appropriate pain relief can all play a role.

Preparing your maternity bag

Getting organised in advance can make the final weeks easier

From the beginning of the third trimester, it can be useful to prepare the essentials that you may need for your hospital stay.

For the mother, this may include:

• Comfortable clothing

• Underwear

• Toiletries

• A towel

• Clothing for leaving hospital

For the baby:

• Several changes of clothes

• Socks and a hat

• A warm blanket

• Baby hygiene products

• Nappies